Essay about Criminology Why People Commit Crimes

There are numerous ideas in the area of criminology that attempt to interpret the causes behind why people commit crimes. Social process idea is one such idea and affirms that criminal actions are taught by viewing criminalistic actions by others (Schmalleger, 2012). The four kinds of Social method theories are Social learning idea, Social command idea, labeling idea, and dramaturgical viewpoint. Throughout this term paper, we will gaze at two of these theories, Social discovering theory and the Social command theory. This essay will converse about the Social method theorys significance to criminology, as well the history of its development. Social Learning Theory is the progression that happens in the course of watching the†¦show more content†¦3. Reproduction: in alignment for a person to re-produce the behavior they observe, they must have the proficiency to organize their responses. This can be accomplished with practice. 4. Motivation: the person should have a reason or a need to recreate the demeanor they have observed. Social control idea is an idea that emphasizes the inhibiting effect of social and psychological integration with other ones whose potential contradictory answer, surveillance, and expectations regulate or constrain lawless person impulses (Schmalleger, 2012.) In non-technical language, this idea is about looking at the world around us and recognizing the triggers that relate as to why some people to commit misdeeds but not other ones. Albert J. Reiss and Travis Hirschi first evolved Social control theory in the 1950’s (Newman, n.d.) Reiss and Hirschi believed that comprehending Social learning would lead to a better comprehending of Social command. To do this Hirschi broke the theory down into four sub assemblies. 1. Direct Social command: The attempt to punish or get rid of the contradictory behaviors that are distinct form society’s norms. 2. Digressive Social command: Identification by family or the government of bad leverages and improper demeanor. 3. Interi or Social command: The method of internalizing the norms of society and acknowledging them. An individual accepts these norms and adapts their lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Classical School Of Criminology996 Words   |  4 Pagescenturies scientists and researchers have been trying to figure out what makes people commit crimes and what they can do to deter them from committing future crimes. In the 1800’s and the early 1900’s crimes and the severity of crimes increased. Punishment in this day and time was considered to be cruel and excessive; to make you feel pain for the crime you committed was the ultimate point (Freilich, 2015). 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Criminology, as defined by the two social theorists, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham of Italy and England respectively in their classical school of criminology, is the scientific study of crime, its causes, law enforcement as well as prevention measures taken to curb and control the crime in this case. Despite the fact that criminology has lots of fields including sociologyRead MoreClassicalism vs. Positivism1546 Words   |  7 Pagesis crime? What makes people commit crimes and how can we stop it? These, and many other questions similar to these, are asked by criminologists everyday. Criminology is an ever growing field, mainly because there is more and more research occurring and new theories linking people and crime coming out everyday. Below the main field of criminology there are many subfields that have different theories and philosophies on what they believe link criminal behavior. 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Wrongful Conception Free Essays

The traditional way of doing things in America goes as follows; you meet Mr. or Mrs. Right, you get married, buy a house and have a family. We will write a custom essay sample on Wrongful Conception or any similar topic only for you Order Now After having all the children that one family wants someone in the relationship makes the responsible decision to be permanently sterilized or continue using birth control until menopause. Being permanently sterilized means, having the woman’s fallopian tubes either clamped or cut so as no more eggs are release into the uterus or having a man’s seminal vesicles cut so that no sperm is ejaculated. When a pregnancy occurs after one of these measures has been taken, it is looked into as wrongful conception or wrongful pregnancy. Women can become pregnant when their fallopian tubes were not completely cut, a man’s seminal vesicles are not severed all the way or something is wrong with the birth control in which she is taking. Wrongful conception, also known as wrongful pregnancy, is a case of action based on negligence in the provision of birth control or performance of sterilization procedures that result in an unwanted pregnancy. Sullivan, 2000) Physicians and pharmacists have come under legal trouble when a patient becomes pregnant and it is unwanted. Women have many reasons for no longer wanting any more children. It could be due to the age of the women and she is at a higher risk for the child to be mentally handicapped. The couple could merely be done having children because they have the desired amount that they could afford and wanted. The woman could have had a ve ry difficult pregnancy in the past and therefore not want to put her at risk any further. All of these are legitimate reasons to have a surgical intervention to no longer have children or to prevent having children with birth control. Many of those parents who end up taking legal action against a physician are those who have genetic disorders that they do not wish to pass on to their unborn children. Parents who have genetic testing done and find out that the likelihood of their children developing sickle cell anemia, downs syndrome or any other genetic disorder choose to no longer put themselves in the running to conceive a child. According to The Journal of Health, many medical malpractice claims have been brought against doctors by parents of children born with genetic diseases. In most of these cases, the parents allege either that the physicians failed to inform the parents of the availability of genetic testing for the unborn child or that the physician negligently performed the genetic testing. These claims automatically make physicians, genetic counselors, and genetic testing laboratories possible defendants in civil law suits. As the patient or victim, it is a crushing moment to find out that someone failed to do their job and now an innocent life is being brought unwanted into the world. Patients have a Bill of Rights that must be followed by any physician or hospital. Patients have the right to access their own medical records. According to George D. Pozgar, patients may have access to information which includes, â€Å"that maintained or possessed by a health care organization and/or a health care practitioner who has treated or is treating a patient† (Pozgar, 2010, p. 396). With this right in place, patients should be able to prevent unwanted pregnancies from happening. This right makes for an open book policy in many hospital and physician offices. Patients now have access to their labs and records online or even in the physician’s office. The history behind wrongful conception is hard to determine with a timeline. It appears that when patients could have genetic testing done is when the number of cases started to arise for legal action being taken against physicians. One of the first reported cases was in 1974 with a family who sued their physician who performed a vasectomy after the couple’s fourth child. Continuing on from 1974 until present day, there are many patients that are affected from the actions of physicians all over. Currently, patients rely on medical testing to look for genetic disorders that can affect unborn children. Testing is becoming more and more advanced every day. Many pregnant have option to undergo genetic testing at twelve weeks to check for downs syndrome, trisomy 18, or trisomy 13. At the same time as these blood tests, an ultrasound test for fetal nuchal translucency is performed. Nuchal translucency screening uses an ultrasound test to examine the area at the back of the fetal neck for increased fluid. â€Å"Common tests during,†) During the second trimester of pregnancy a whole new set of blood tests are performed. Alpha-fetoprotein screening is done to determine open neural tube defects (ONTD) such as spina bifida, Down syndrome, other chromosomal abnormalities, defects in the abdominal wall of the fetus, twins – more than one fetus is mak ing the protein, or a miscalculated due date, as the levels vary throughout pregnancy. (â€Å"Common tests during,†) Some of these tests can come back negative when in reality they are positive or patients can also get a false-negative result. Patient now sign consents so that they will not sue the physicians when these rare occurrences happen. The way that lawsuits and malpractice suits have come up, the rate of lawsuits against physicians will continue to rise. It seems that physicians need to have malpractice insurance with higher premiums due to the fact the patients now are â€Å"sue happy†. Physicians are very careful about what information they tell their patients and with how tests and physical examinations are given. The more information and the more physicians explain circumstances to patients, the less likely a patient is to sue. There are patients who look for reasons to file malpractice suits against physicians. Wrongful conceptions or wrongful pregnancies do happen. There are many reasons for this unhappy occurrence to happen, physician wrongdoing, pharmacist tampering or misinformation given to the patient. No matter what the reason is that the conception happened, the parents of the unborn child are still going to be affected. To compensate for some of the mental and emotional damage that is going to be done with having an unplanned pregnancy, patients are choosing to sue physicians. References Pozgar, G. D. (2010). Legal and ethical Issues for health professionals (2nd ed.) Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sullivan, Mary B. (2000, March 22). Article: wrongful birth and wrongful conception: a parent’s need for a cause of action. . Retrieved from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85016556.html Common tests during pregnancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/pregnant/tests.html Untitled. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.loislaw.com/gpc/index.htp?dockey=9512686@CTSUP How to cite Wrongful Conception, Papers

Decision Making for the Solar Energy-Free Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Critically analyse the Impact of lowering the Goods and Services Tax (GST) levy on batteries from 28% to 5% on battery market in India, all else being equal. 2.Critically analyse the Impact of lowering the GST on batteries from 28% to 5% on Electric Vehicle (EV) market in India. 3.Critically analyse the Impact of lowering the GST on batteries from 28% to 5% on petrol vehicle market in India. 4.Does the Proposal of lowering GST on batteries by solar energy storage Manufacturers help the Governments push towards reaching a 100 per cent Electric Vehicle (EV) nation by 2030? Answers: Decision Making for the Solar Energy Storage Manufacturers 1.The current goods and service tax for batteries in India is very high at 28% (Mishra, 2017). This is an interpretation that the costs of battery production are very high. Tax is one of the most important cost of production that cannot be avoided. This is the reason why most of the times it distorts the level of production. The producing firms are requesting a reduction of this GST to 5% so that they will be able to produce efficiently at a lower cost. If the proposal is accepted and the GST is lowered to 5%, the price for batteries will fall; this is because, goods produced at a lower cost are sold at a lower price (Autocarindia.com, 2017). The lower price will lead to the demand for batteries rising to a higher level; there will be an increase in quantity of batteries produced since the lower cost will stimulate the producing companies to produce more output. On the other hand, the consumers increased demand will create a need for increased production and since these companies have that potential, quantity produced will rise. The consumer surplus will rise since they will be willing to pay more for the batteries but the price offered will be cut. The producer surplus will fall since they will be willing to sell at a higher price, but will be selling at a lower market price. Fig: Demand for batteries after GST is lowered At the GST of 28% on batteries, the price for the batteries was at level P and the quantity for batteries demanded was Q. The lowering of the GST to 5% will result in the price falling from P to P1. This price will stimulate additional demand; demand will increase from Q to Q1. The arrows show the price and the quantity movement; the movement is on opposite direction and thus the inverse demand curve. 2.Rechargeable batteries are a compliment to the production of electric vehicles (Economicpoint.com, 2016). Thus, the lowering of GST to 5% will increase the demand for electric vehicles. In economics, if the price of a compliment good falls, the demand for the other good goes up (Munson, 2014). Owing to the lower price of batteries which is an input to Electronic Vehicle (EV), the price for EV will also be lower. At a lower price, the demand for EV will rise. Since the input prices are lower, the short run profit will be higher (economic profits). In the long run the battery storage manufactures will be making only normal profits since competition will rise. Fig: Demand for complement goods At the GST of 28% on batteries, the price for the batteries was at level P and the quantity for electronic vehicles demanded was Q. The lowering of the GST to 5% will result in the price falling from P to P1. This will cause an increased demand for the complement good which is the electronic vehicles. Complement goods have an inverse demand curve and thats why the movement is on opposite directions (Hill, 2017). The lowering of price for one good consequently leads to a cut in the price for the other good making it more attractive to the consumers. The demand thus goes up. 3.As have been noted earlier, the lowering of GST to 5% will result in lower prices for electronic vehicles and thus their demand will increase. Since batteries are substitutes to petrol, a reduction in the price for batteries will increase demand for electronic vehicles but on the other hand, it results in a decrease in the demand for petrol vehicles (Pettinger, 2012). Fig: Demand for substitute goods At the GST of 28% on batteries, the price for the batteries was at level P and the quantity for petrol vehicles demanded was Q. The lowering of the GST to 5% will result in the price falling from P to P1. This will cause a decrease in demand for the substitute good which is the petrol vehicles. The demand curve for substitute goods is positively sloped and this is indicated by movement of price and the demand in the same direction (Aggarwal, 2011). Economically, when the price for a specific good falls, its demand rises; the increased demand causes the demand for the substitute good to be less attractive and thus demand for substitutes falls. 4.Yes. The proposal made by the solar energy storage manufactures to lower GST on batteries to 5% will definitely help the government in achieving its goal of reaching 100% level of electronic vehicle usage by 2030. We have seen that the cut in batteries GST will raise the demand for electronic vehicles by reducing the demand for petrol oil. Indiatimes.com (2017) noted that the price of batteries has been going up obstructing the governments vision. The Minister of state Power, Coal, New Renewable Energy should therefore consider intervention by lowering the GST on batteries for the solar energy storage manufactures. However, it is not clear whether this will actually be the case because we know that the increased demand for electronic vehicles will result in increased price. And also we know that the reduced demand for petrol will results in a reduced petrol price due to oversupply. However irrespective of these controversies, the minister should consider lowering the GST to 5% as it will in fact raise the demand for electronic vehicles. References Aggarwal, K. (2011). CPT General Economics. S.l.: S Chand CO LTD. Autocarindia.com. (2017). EV industry wants lowering of 28% GST on batteries. Autocar India. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/ev-industry-wants-lowering-of-28-gst-on-batteries-405298. Economicpoint.com. (2016). Complementary Goods. Economicpoint.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://economicpoint.com/complementary-goods. Hill, A. (2017). Complementary Goods in Economics: Definition Examples. Study.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/complementary-goods-in-economics-definition-examples.html. Indiatimes.com. (2017). Battery makers Amara Raja and Exide Industries increase prices, gain over 1%. The Economic Times. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/battery-makers-amara-raja-and-exide-industries-increase-prices-gain-over-1/articleshow/59440803.cms. Mishra, T. (2017). Solar energy storage manufacturers want lower GST levy on batteries. Econogist.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/solar-energy-battery-gst/article9758357.ece. Munson, I. (2014). Economics Explained: Complements, Substitutes, and Elasticity of Demand. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.econogist.com/home/complements-and-substitutes. Pettinger, T. (2012). Complementary Goods. Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/complementary-goods/.